Marco Festa-Bianchet
Refereed Publications (scroll down for book chapters,
student papers and non-refereed publications)
2020 Toni,
P., D. Forsyth and M. Festa-Bianchet.
Determinants of offspring sex in kangaroos : a test of multiple
hypotheses. Behavioral
Ecology, in
press. Gordon,
I.J.,
M.A. Snape, D. Fletcher, C.E. Wimpenny, B. Howland, G. Coulson, M.
Festa-Bianchet, P. Caley, S. McIntyre, T. Pople, G. Baines, and D.
Alcock. 2020.
Herbivore management for biodiversity conservation: a case study in
the
Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Ecological Management and
Restoration, in
press. De
Villemereuil, P., A. Charmantier, D. Arlt, P. Bize, P. Brekke, L.
Brouwer, A.
Cockburn, S. D. Côté, F. S. Dobson, S. R. Evans, M. Festa-Bianchet, M.
Gamelon,
22 others, and L.-M. Chevin. 2020. Fluctuating optimum and temporally
variable
selection on breeding date in birds and mammals. Proceedings of the
National
Academy of Sciences, in press Renaud,
L.-A., F.G. Blanchet, F. Rousseu, A.A. Cohen, M. Festa-Bianchet and
F. Pelletier. 2020.
Milk composition in a wild mammal: a
physiological signature of phenological changes. Oecologia, in press
Hamel,
S. J.M. Gaillard, M. Festa-Bianchet, J.F. Lemaître, M. Pellerin, F. Pelletier,
D. Nussey and N. Yoccoz. 2020.
Allocation to early growth reduces late-life survival in the wild. Nature
Communications, in press
Jaeggi,
A. V., M. I. Miles , M. Festa-Bianchet, C. Schradin and L.D. Hayes. 2020.
Variable social organisation is ubiquitous in
Artiodactyla and probably evolved from pair-living ancestors.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287:20200035.
Toni,
P., D. Forsyth and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2020. Forage availability and
maternal characteristics affect costs of reproduction in a large
marsupial. Oecologia, 193: 97-107.
Montana,
L., F. Rousseu, D. Garant and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2020. Siring success in
kangaroos : size matters, but only for those in the right place at
the right time. Behavioral Ecology, 31: 750-760.
Douhard,
M., M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Pelletier.
2020. Sons accelerate maternal aging in a wild mammal. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the US, 117: 4850-4857.
Poisson,
Y, M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Pelletier.
2020. Testing the importance of harvest refuges for phenotypic
rescue of trophy-harvested populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57:
526-535.
2019
Festa-Bianchet,
M.,
S. D. Côté, S. Hamel and
F. Pelletier. 2019.
Long-term studies of bighorn sheep and mountain goats reveal fitness costs
of reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88:1118-1133.
Westwood,
A., S. Otto, A, Mooers, C. Burton, C. Darimont, M. Festa-Bianchet, S.
Fluker, S. Gulati, K. E. Hodges, D. Kraus, A. L. Jacob, C. Johnson, T.
Martin, W. J. Palen, J. D. Reynolds, B. M. Starzomski, J. Whitton. 2029.
Protecting biodiversity in British Columbia: recommendations for
endangered species legislation. FACETS, 4:136-160
Douhard, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, J. Landes and F. Pelletier.
2019.Trophy hunting mediates sex-specific associations between early-life
environmental conditions and adult mortality in bighorn sheep. Journal of
Animal Ecology, 88: 734-745.
Douhard,
M., M. Festa-Bianchet, S. Hamel, D. Nussey, S. D. Côté, J. Pemberton and F. Pelletier.
2019. Maternal longevity and offspring sex in wild ungulates. Proceedings
of the Royal Society, 286: 20181968.
Poirier, M.-A., D. W. Coltman, F. Pelletier, J.T. Jorgenson and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2019. Genetic decline, restoration and rescue of an isolated ungulate population. Evolutionary Applications, 12: 1318-1328.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2019. Mountain sheep management using data versus opinions: a comment on Boyce and Krausman (2018). Journal of Wildlife Management, 83: 6-8.
2018
Festa-Bianchet,
M. and A. Mysterud. 2018. Hunting and evolution: theory, evidence, and
unknowns. Journal of Mammalogy, 99: 1281-1292.
Douhard,
M., S. Guillemette, M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Pelletier.
2018. Drivers and demographic consequences of seasonal mass changes in
an alpine ungulate. Ecology, 99: 724-734.
Poirier, M.-A. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2018. Social
integration and acclimation of translocated bighorn sheep (Ovis
canadensis). Biological Conservation, 218:1-9.
Hamel, S., J.-M. Gaillard, M. Douhard, M. Festa-Bianchet, F. Pelletier and N. G. Yoccoz. 2018. Quantifying individual heterogeneity and its influence on life-history trajectories: different methods for different questions and contexts. Oikos, 127: 687-704.
2017
Pigeon, G., T.H.G. Ezard, M. Festa-Bianchet, D.W. Coltman and F. Pelletier. 2017. The effects of genetic and plastic changes in body mass on population dynamics change over time in a large herbivore. Ecology, 98: 2456-2467
Pigeon,
G., M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Pelletier.
2017. Long-term fitness consequences of early-life environment in a
long-lived ungulate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284: 20170222.
King,
W.J., M. Festa-Bianchet, G. Coulson, A. Goldizen. 2017. Long-term
consequences of mother-offspring associations in eastern grey kangaroos.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 71: 77.
Schindler,
S., M. Festa-Bianchet, J. T. Hogg and F. Pelletier.
2017. Hunting, age structure and horn size distribution in
bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management, 81: 792-799.
Quesnel, L., A. MacKay, D.M. Forsyth, K.R. Nicholas and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2017. Size, season and offspring sex affect milk composition and juvenile survival in wild kangaroos. Journal of Zoology, 302: 252-262
Redpath,
S., J.D.C. Linnell, M. Festa-Bianchet, L. Boitani, N. Bunnefeld, A.
Dickman, R.J. Gutiérrez, J.
Irvine, M. Johansson, A. Majić, B.J. McMahon, S. Pooley, C. Sandström, A.
Sjölander-Lindqvist, K. Skogen, J.E. Swenson, A.Trouwborst, J. Young, E.J.
Milner-Gulland. 2017. Don’t forget to look down - collaborative approaches
to predator conservation. Biological Reviews, 92: 2157-2163.
Rughetti, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, S.D. Côté and S. Hamel. 2017. Ecological and evolutionary effects of selective harvest of non-lactating female ungulates. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54: 1571-1580.
Douhard, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, S. Guillemette, F. Pelletier. 2017. Environmental and evolutionary effects on horn growth of male bighorn sheep. Oikos, 126: 1031-1041.
Festa-Bianchet,
M., M. Douhard, J.M. Gaillard and F. Pelletier.
2017. Successes and challenges of long-term field studies of marked
ungulates. Journal of Mammalogy, 98: 612-620.
Kuparinen, A. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2017. Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 372: 20160036.
Festa-Bianchet,
M. 2017. When does selective hunting select, how can we tell and what
should we do about it? Mammal Review, 47:
76-81.
Janeiro,
M.J., M. Festa-Bianchet, F. Pelletier,
D.W. Coltman and M.B.
Morissey. 2017. Towards robust evolutionary inferences with Integral
Projection Models. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 30: 270-288.
2016
Hamel, S., J.-M. Gaillard, N.G. Yoccoz, S. Albon, S.D. Côté, J. M. Craine, M. Festa-Bianchet, M. Garel, P. Lee, C. Moss, D.H. Nussey, F. Pelletier, A. Stien, T. Tveraa. 2016. Cohort variation in individual body mass dissipates with age in large herbivores. Ecological Monographs, 86: 517-543.
Douhard, M., M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Pelletier. 2016. Maternal condition and previous reproduction interact to affect offspring sex in a wild mammal. Biology Letters, 12: 20160510.
Rughetti, M., C. Toïgo, A.
von Hardenberg, E. Rocchia and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2011. Effects of an
exceptionally snowy winter on chamois survival. Acta Theriologica,
56: 329-333.
Pérez, J.M., E.
Serrano, M. Candela, L. Leon-Vizcaino, G.G. Barbera, M.A. de Simon, P.
Fandos, J.E. Granados, R.C. Soriguer and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2011. Reduced
horn size in two wild trophy-hunted species of Caprinae. Wildlife
Biology, 17: 102-112.
Bourbeau-Lemieux, A.,
M. Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard, and F. Pelletier. 2011.
Predator-induced Allee effects in a wild ungulate. Ecology Letters, 14:
358-363.
Rughetti, M., and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2011. Seasonal changes in sexual dimorphism in Northern
chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra).
Journal of Zoology, 284: 257-264.
Ortego, J., G. Yannic, A.B.A.
Shafer, J. Mainguy, M. Festa-Bianchet, D.W. Coltman, S.D. Côté. 2011.
Temporal dynamics of genetic variability in a mountain goat (Oreamnos
americanus) population. Molecular Ecology, 20: 1601-1611.
Rughetti, M., and M.
Festa-Bianchet. Effects of early horn growth on reproduction and hunting
mortality in female chamois. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80:438-447.
Rioux-Paquette, E., M.
Festa-Bianchet and D.W. Coltman. 2011. Sex-differential effects of
inbreeding on overwinter survival, birth date and mass of bighorn
lambs. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 24: 121-131.
Martin, J.G.A. and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2011. Sex ratio bias and reproductive strategies: what sex
to produce when? Ecology, 92:441–449.
Corti, P., A.B.A. Shafer, D.W.
Coltman and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2011. Past bottlenecks and current
population fragmentation of endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus
bisulcus): implications for preservation of genetic diversity.
Conservation Genetics, 12:119-128.
2010
Rioux-Paquette, E., M.
Festa-Bianchet and D.W. Coltman. 2010. No inbreeding avoidance in an
isolated population of bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour, 80: 865-871.
Hengeveld, P., and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2010. Harvest regulations and artificial selection on horn
size in male bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management, 75: 189-197.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. R.
Ray, S. Boutin, S.D. Côté and A. Gunn. 2010. Caribou conservation in
Canada: an uncertain future. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89: 419-434.
Martin, J.G.A., and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2010. Bighorn ewes transfer the costs of
reproduction to their lambs. American Naturalist, 176: 414-423.
Bergeron, P., S. Grignolio, M.
Apollonio, B. Shipley, and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2010. Secondary sexual
characters signal fighting ability and determine social rank in Alpine
ibex (Capra ibex). Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology, 64:1299-1307.
Rughetti, M., and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2010. Compensatory growth limits opportunities for
artificial selection in male Alpine chamois. Journal of Wildlife
Management, 74: 1024-1029.
Réale, D., J. Martin, D.W. Coltman, J. Poissant and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2009. Male personality, life-history strategies, and reproductive success in a promiscuous mammal. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22: 1599-1607.
Hutchings,
J.A., and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2009. Scientific advice on species at risk: a
comparative analysis of status assessments of polar bear, Ursus
maritimus. Environmental Reviews, 17: 45-51.
Hutchings,
J.A., and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2009. Canadian species at risk (2006-2008),
with particular emphasis on fishes. Environmental Reviews, 17: 53-65.
Hamel, S., M. Garel, M.
Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard and S.D. Côté. 2009. Spring Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) predicta annual variation in timing of
peak faecal crude protein in mountain ungulates. Journal of Applied
Ecology, 46: 582-589.
Hamel, S., J.-M. Gaillard, M. Festa-Bianchet and S.D. Côté. 2009. Individual quality, early life conditions, and reproductive success in contrasted populations of large herbivores. Ecology, 90: 1981-1995.
Bonenfant, C., J.-M. Gaillard,
T. Coulson, M. Festa-Bianchet, A. Loison, M. Garel, L.E. Loe, P.
Blanchard, N. Pettorelli, N. Owen-Smith, J. DuToit and P. Duncan. 2009.
Empirical evidences of density-dependence in populations of large
herbivores. Advances in Ecological Research, 41: 300-338.
Hamel, S., S. D. Côté, J.-M.
Gaillard and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2009. Variation in the costs of
reproduction among individuals: high quality females always do
better. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78: 143-151.
Schipper, J., 14 authors, M. Festa-Bianchet and 114 others. 2009. The
status of the world’s land and marine mammals: diversity, threats, and
knowledge. Science, 322: 225-230.
Aublet, J.-F., M.
Festa-Bianchet, D. Bergero and B. Bassano. 2009. Temperature constraints
on foraging behavior of male Alpine ibex (Capra
ibex) in summer. Oecologia, 159: 237-247.
2008
Favre, M., J.G.A. Martin and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2008. Determinants and life-history consequences of social
dominance in bighorn ewes. Animal Behaviour, 76: 1373-1380.
Feder, C., J.G.A. Martin, M.
Festa-Bianchet, C. Bérubé and J.T. Jorgenson. 2008. Never too late?
Consequences of late birthdate for mass and survival of bighorn
lambs. Oecologia, 156: 773-781.
Jones, O. R., M.
Festa-Bianchet and 32 others. 2008. Senescence rates are determined by
ranking on the fast-slow life-history continuum. Ecology Letters, 11:
653-663.
Largo, É., J.-M. Gaillard, M.
Festa-Bianchet, C. Toïgo, B. Bassano, H. Cortot, G. Farny, B. Lequette, D.
Gauthier, J.-P. Martinot. 2008. Can ground counts reliably monitor ibex
populations? Wildlife Biology, 14: 489-499.
Awan, G.A., M. Festa-Bianchet
and J.-M. Gaillard. 2008. Early survival of Punjab urial. Canadian Journal
of Zoology, 86: 394-399.
Nussey, D.H., T. Coulson, M.
Festa-Bianchet and J.-M. Gaillard. 2008. Measuring senescence in wild
animal populations: towards a longitudinal approach. Functional
Ecology, 22: 393-406.
Poissant, J., A.J. Wilson, M.
Festa-Bianchet, J.T. Hogg, D.W. Coltman. 2008. Quantitative genetics and
sex-specific selection on sexually dimorphic traits in bighorn sheep.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275: 623-628.
Therrien, J.-F., S.D. Côté,
M. Festa-Bianchet and J.-P. Ouellet. 2007. Conservative maternal care in
an iteroparous mammal: a food restriction experiment. Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology, 62: 193-199.
Therrien, J.-F., S.D. Côté,
M. Festa-Bianchet and J.-P. Ouellet. 2007. Maternal care in white-tailed
deer: trade-off between maintenance and reproduction under food
restriction. Animal Behaviour, 75: 235-243.
Toïgo, C., J.-M. Gaillard, M.
Festa-Bianchet, É. Largo, J. Michaellet and D. Maillard. 2007. Sex- and
age-specific survival of the highly dimorphic Apine ibex: evidence for a
conservative life history tactic. Journal of Animal Ecology,
76: 679-686.
Pelletier, F., D. Réale,
D. Garant, D.W. Coltman and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2007. Selection on
heritable seasonal plasticity of body mass. Evolution, 61: 1969-1979.
Mooers, A.Ø., L.R. Prugh, M.
Festa-Bianchet and J.A. Hutchings. 2007. Biases in legal listings under
Canadian Endangered Species legislation. Conservation Biology, 21:
572-575.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and W.J.
King. 2007. Age-related reproductive effort in bighorn sheep ewes.
Écoscience, 14: 318-322.
Von Hardenberg, A., B.
Bassano, M. Festa-Bianchet, G. Luikart, P. Lanfranchi and D. Coltman.
2007. Age-dependent genetic effects on a secondary sexual trait in male
Alpine ibex Capra ibex.
Molecular Ecology, 16: 1969-1980.
Engen, S., R. Lande, B.-E.
Sæther and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2007. Using reproductive value to
estimate key parameters in density-independent age-structured
populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 244: 308-317.
Pettorelli, N., F.
Pelletier, A. von Hardenberg, M. Festa-Bianchet and S.D. Côté. 2007. Early
onset of vegetation growth versus rapid green-up: impacts on juvenile
mountain ungulates. Ecology, 88: 381-390.
2006
Awan, G.A., M. Festa-Bianchet
and T. Ahmad. 2006. Poaching, recruitment and conservation of Punjab
Urial. Wildlife Biology, 12: 443-449.
Festa-Bianchet, M., T.
Coulson, J.-M. Gaillard, J.T. Hogg and F. Pelletier. 2006 Stochastic
predation events and population persistence in bighorn sheep.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273: 1537-1543.
Pelletier, F., J.T. Hogg
and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2006. Male reproductive effort in a polygynous
ungulate. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60: 645-654.
Pelletier, F. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2006. Sexual selection and social rank in bighorn rams. Animal Behavior, 71: 649-655.
Hamel, S., S.D. Côté, K.G.
Smith and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2006. Population dynamics and harvest
potential of mountain goat herds in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife
Management, 70: 1044-1053.
2005
Coltman, D.W., P. O'Donoghue, J.T. Hogg and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2005. Selection and genetic (co)variance in bighorn sheep. Evolution, 59: 1372-1382.
Pelletier, F., K.A. Page, T. Ostiguy and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2005. Fecal counts of lungworm larvae and reproductive effort in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Oikos, 110: 473-480.
Coulson, T., J.-M. Gaillard and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2005. Decomposing the variation in ungulate population growth into contributions from multiple vital rates. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74: 789-801.
Gendreau, Y., S.D. Côté and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2005. Maternal effects on post-weaning physical and social development in juvenile mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 58: 237-246.
Blanchard, P., M.
Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard and J.T. Jorgenson. 2005. Maternal
condition and offspring sex ratio in polygynous ungulates: a case study of
bighorn sheep. Behavioral Ecology, 16: 274-279.
2004
Gaillard, J.-M., A. Viallefont, A. Loison and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2004. Assessing senescence patterns in populations of large mammals. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 47-58.
Gordon, I.G., A.J. Hester and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2004. The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 1021-1031.
Pelletier, F. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2004. Effects of body mass, age, dominance and parasite load on foraging time of bighorn rams, Ovis canadensis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56: 546-551.
Welp, T., J. Rushen, D.L. Kramer, M. Festa-Bianchet and A.M.B. de Passillé. 2004. Vigilance as a measure of fear in dairy cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 87: 1-13.
Jacobson, A. R., A. Provenzale, A. Von Hardenberg, B. Bassano and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2004. Climate forcing and density-dependence in a mountain ungulate population. Ecology 85: 1598-1610.
Pelletier, F., J.T. Hogg and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2004. Effects of chemical immobilization on social status of bighorn rams. Animal Behaviour 67: 1163-1165.
Festa-Bianchet, M., D.W. Coltman, L.
Turelli and J.T. Jorgenson. 2004. Relative allocation to horn and body
growth in bighorn rams varies with resource availability. Behavioral
Ecology, 15: 305-312.
2003
Coltman, D. W., P. O'Donoghue, J. T. Jorgenson, J. T. Hogg, C. Strobeck and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2003. Undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting. Nature 426: 655-658.
Von Hardenberg, A., J.W. Shipley and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2003. Another one bites the dust: does incisor arcade size affect mass and survival in grazing ungulates? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81: 1623-1629.
Pelletier, F., J. Baumann and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2003. Fecal testosterone in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): behavioral and endocrine correlates. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81 1678-1684.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J.-M.
Gaillard and S.D. Côté. 2003. Variable age structure and apparent
density-dependence in survival of adult ungulates. Journal of Animal
Ecology, 72: 640-649.
Blanchard,
P., M. Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard and J.T. Jorgenson. 2003. A
test of long-term fecal nitrogen monitoring to evaluate nutritional status
in bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 67: 477-484.
Ruckstuhl, K.E., M.
Festa-Bianchet and J.T. Jorgenson. 2003. Bite rates in Rocky Mountain
bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): effects of season, age, sex and
reproductive status. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54: 167-173.
Gaillard, J.-M, A. Loison, M. Festa-Bianchet, N. G.Yoccoz and E. Solberg.
2003. Ecological correlates of life span in populations of large
herbivorous mammals. Population and Development Review 29 (Suppl.): 39-56.
Gonzalez-Voyer, A., K.G. Smith and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2003 Dynamics of hunted and unhunted mountain goat populations. Wildlife Biology, 9: 213-218.
Réale, D. and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2003. Predator-induced natural selection on temperament in
bighorn ewes. Animal Behaviour 65: 463-470.
2002
Hewison, M., J.-M. Gaillard, M. Festa-Bianchet and P. Blanchard.2002. Maternal age is not a predominant determinant of progeny sex ratio variation in ungulates. Oikos, 98: 334-338.
Tonin, C., M. Bianchetto Songia, C. Vineis and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2002. Differentiating fine hairs from wild and domestic species: investigations on Shatoosh, Yangir and Cashmere fibres. Textile Research Journal, 72: 701-705 .
Coltman, D. W., M.
Festa-Bianchet, J. T. Jorgenson and C. Strobeck. 2002. Age-dependent
sexual selection in bighorn rams. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B, 269: 165-172.
2001
Leblanc, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, and J. T. Jorgenson. 2001. Sexual size dimorphism in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): effects of population density. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79: 1661-1670.
Côté, S. D., M. Festa-Bianchet and K. G. Smith. 2001. Compensatory reproduction in harvested mountain goat populations: a word of caution. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29: 726-730.
Côté, S. D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Reproductive success in female mountain goats: the influence of maternal age and social rank. Animal Behaviour, 62: 173-181.
Gallant, B. Y., D. Réale and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Does mass change of primiparous bighorn ewes reflect reproductive effort? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79: 312-318 .
Côté, S. D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Birthdate, mass and survival in mountain goat kids: effects of maternal characteristics and forage quality. Oecologia, 127: 230-238 .
Côté, S. D. and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Offspring sex ratio in relation to maternal age and
social rank in mountain goats. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 49:
260-265 . erratum for figure legend.
Gonzalez-Voyer, A., K. G. Smith and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Efficiency of aerial censuses of mountain goats. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29: 140-144.
Côté, S. D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Life-history correlates of horn asymmetry in mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus. Journal of Mammalogy, 82: 389-400.
Ruckstuhl, K. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2001. Group choice by subadult bighorn rams: trade-offs between foraging efficiency and predator avoidance. Ethology 107: 161-172.
2000
Réale, D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2000. Quantitative genetics of life-history traits in a long-lived wild mammal. Heredity, 85: 593-603.
Gaillard, J. M., M. Festa-Bianchet, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Loison and C. Toïgo. 2000. Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31: 367-393. Data Appendix
Réale, D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2000. Mass-dependent reproductive strategies in bighorn ewes: a quantitative genetic approach. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13: 679-688.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. T. Jorgenson and D. Réale. 2000. Early development, adult mass and reproductive success in bighorn sheep. Behavioral Ecology 11: 633-639 .
Réale, D., B. Y. Gallant, M. Leblanc and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2000. Consistency of temperament in bighorn ewes and correlates with behaviour and life history. Animal Behaviour, 60: 589-597.
Gaillard, J.-M., M.
Festa-Bianchet, D. Delorme and J. T. Jorgenson. 2000. Body mass and
reproductive success in female ungulates: bigger is not always better!
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267: 471-477.
1999
Réale, D., Festa-Bianchet, M. and J. T. Jorgenson. 1999. Heritability of body mass varies with age and season in wild bighorn sheep. Heredity, 83: 526-532.
Bérubé, C., M. Festa-Bianchet and J. T. Jorgenson. 1999. Individual differences, longevity, and reproductive senescence in bighorn ewes. Ecology, 80: 2555-2565.
Loison, A., M. Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard, J. T. Jorgenson and J.-M. Jullien. 1999. Age-specific survival in five populations of ungulates: evidence of senescence. Ecology, 80: 2539-2554.
Picard, K., D.W. Thomas, M. Festa-Bianchet, F. Belleville and A.
Laneville. 1999. Differences in thermal conductance of tropical and
temperate bovid horns. Écoscience, 6: 148-158.
1998
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1998. Condition-dependent reproductive success in bighorn ewes. Ecology Letters, 1: 91-94.
Ruckstuhl, K. E. and Festa-Bianchet, M. 1998. Do reproductive status and lamb gender affect the foraging behavior of bighorn ewes? Ethology, 104: 941-954.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J.-M. Gaillard and J. T. Jorgenson. 1998. Mass- and density-dependent reproductive success and reproductive costs in a capital breeder. American Naturalist, 152: 367-379.
Jorgenson, J. T., M. Festa-Bianchet and W. D. Wishart. 1998. Effects of population density on horn development of bighorn rams. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62: 1011-1020.
Portier, C., M. Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard, J. T. Jorgenson and N. G. Yoccoz. 1998. Effects of density and weather on survival of bighorn sheep lambs (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Zoology, 245: 271-278.
Apollonio, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, F. Mari, E. Bruno and M. Locati. 1998. Habitat manipulation modifies lek use in fallow deer. Ethology, 104: 603-612.
Côté, S. D., M. Festa-Bianchet and K. G. Smith. 1998. Horn growth in mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Journal of Mammalogy, 79: 406-414.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and J. T. Jorgenson. 1998. Selfish mothers: reproductive expenditure and resource availability in bighorn ewes. Behavioral Ecology, 9:144-150.
Côté, S. D., M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Fournier. 1998. Life history effects of chemical immobilization and radio collars in mountain goats. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62: 745-752.
Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Bianchet and N. G. Yoccoz. 1998. Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13: 58-63.
Haviernick, M., S. D. Côté and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1998. Immobilization of
mountain goats with xylazine and reversal with idazoxan. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases, 34: 342-347.
1997
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. T. Jorgenson, C. Bérubé, C. Portier and W. D. Wishart. 1997. Body mass and survival of bighorn sheep. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75: 1372-1379.
Romeo, G., S. Lovari and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1997. Group leaving in mountain goats: are young males ousted by adult females?. Behavioural Processes 40: 243-246.
Ross, I., M. Jalkotzy and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1997. Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75: 771-775.
Jorgenson, J. T., M.
Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard and W. D. Wishart. 1997. Effects of age,
sex, disease and density on survival of bighorn sheep. Ecology, 78:
1019-1032.
1996
Picard, K., M. Festa-Bianchet and D. W. Thomas. 1996. The cost of horniness: heat loss may counter sexual selection for large horns in temperate bovids. Écoscience, 3: 280-284.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. T. Jorgenson, W. J. King, K. G. Smith and W. D. Wishart. 1996. The development of sexual dimorphism: seasonal and lifetime mass changes of bighorn sheep. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74: 330-342.
Bérubé, C., M. Festa-Bianchet and J. T. Jorgenson. 1996. Reproductive costs of sons and daughters in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Behavioral Ecology, 7: 60-68.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1996. Offspring sex ratio studies of mammals: does publication depend upon the quality of the research or the direction of the results? Écoscience, 3: 42-44.
L'Heureux, N., M. Festa-Bianchet and J. T. Jorgenson. 1996. Effects of
visible signs of contagious ecthyma on mass and survival of bighorn lambs.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32: 286-292.
1995 and earlier
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. T. Jorgenson, M. Lucherini and W. D. Wishart. 1995. Life-history consequences of variation in age of primiparity in bighorn ewes. Ecology, 76: 871-881.
Fournier, F., and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1995. Social dominance relationships in adult female mountain goats. Animal Behaviour, 49: 1449-1459.
L'Heureux, N., M. Lucherini, M. Festa-Bianchet and J. T. Jorgenson. 1995. Density-dependent mother-yearling associations in bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour, 49: 901-910.
Festa-Bianchet, M., M. A. Urquhart and K. G. Smith. 1994. Mountain goat recruitment: kid production and survival to breeding age. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72: 22-27.
Picard, K., D. W. Thomas, M. Festa-Bianchet and C. Lanthier. 1994. Bovid horns: an important source of heat loss in winter? Journal of Mammalogy 75: 710-713.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. T. Jorgenson and W. D. Wishart. 1994. Early weaning in bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, affects growth of males but not of females. Behavioral Ecology, 5: 21-27.
Jorgenson, J. T., M. Festa-Bianchet, M. Lucherini and W. D. Wishart. 1993. Effects of body size, population density and maternal characteristics on age of first reproduction in bighorn ewes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71: 2509-2517.
Jorgenson, J. T., M. Festa-Bianchet and W. D. Wishart. 1993. Harvesting bighorn ewes: consequences for population size and trophy ram production. Journal of Wildlife Management, 57: 429-435.
Apollonio, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, F. Mari, S. Mattioli and B. Sarno. 1992. To lek or not to lek: mating strategies of male fallow deer. Behavioral Ecology, 3: 25-31.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1991. The social system of bighorn sheep: grouping patterns, kinship and female dominance rank. Animal Behaviour, 42: 71-82.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1991. Numbers of lungworm larvae in feces of bighorn sheep: yearly changes, influences of host sex, and effects on host survival. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69: 547-554.
Festa-Bianchet, M., and W. J. King. 1991. Effects of litter size and population dynamics on juvenile and maternal survival in Columbian ground squirrels. Journal of Animal Ecology, 60: 1077-1090.
King, W. J., M. Festa-Bianchet, and S. E. Hatfield. 1991. Determinants of reproductive success in female Columbian ground squirrels. Oecologia, 86: 528-534.
Apollonio, M., M. Festa-Bianchet, F. Mari and M. Riva. 1990. Site-specific asymmetries in male copulatory success in a fallow deer lek. Animal Behaviour, 39: 205-212.
Festa-Bianchet, M., M. Apollonio, F. Mari and G. Rasola. 1990. Aggression among lekking male fallow deer: territory effects and relationship with copulatory success. Ethology, 85: 236-246.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and V. Geist. 1990. Forage characteristics and bighorn sheep phenotype. Journal of Mammalogy, 71: 697-699.
Jorgenson, J. T., J. Samson and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1990. Immobilization of bighorn sheep with xylazine hydrochloride and reversal with idazoxan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 26: 522-527.
Apollonio, M., M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Mari. 1989. Effects of removal of successful males in a fallow deer lek. Ethology, 83: 320-325.
Apollonio, M., M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Mari. 1989. Correlates of copulatory success in a fallow deer lek. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 25: 89-97.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1989. Individual differences, parasites, and the costs of reproduction for bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Animal Ecology, 58: 785-796.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1989. Survival of male bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53: 259-263.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1988. Nursing behaviour of bighorn sheep: correlates of ewe age, parasitism, lamb age, birthdate and sex. Animal Behaviour, 36: 1445-1454.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1988. Seasonal range selection in bighorn sheep: conflicts between forage quality, forage quantity, and predator avoidance. Oecologia, 75: 580-586.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1988. Birthdate and survival in bighorn lambs (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Zoology, 214: 653-661.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1988. Age-specific reproduction of bighorn ewes in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Mammalogy, 69: 157-160.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1987. Bighorn sheep, climbing accidents, and implications for mating strategy. Mammalia, 51: 618-620.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1986. Site fidelity and seasonal range use by bighorn rams. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64: 2126-2132.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1986. Seasonal dispersion of overlapping mountain sheep ewe groups. Journal of Wildlife Management, 50: 325-330.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and J. T. Jorgenson. 1985. Use of xylazine and ketamine to immobilize bighorn sheep in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management, 49: 162-165.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and W. J. King. 1984. Behavior and dispersal of yearling Columbian ground squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62: 161-167.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and D. A. Boag. 1982. Territoriality in adult female Columbian ground squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60: 1060-1066.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1981. Reproduction in yearling female Columbian ground
squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus). Canadian Journal of Zoology,
59: 1032-1035.
Book
Festa-Bianchet, M. and S.D. Côté. 2008. Mountain Goats: Ecology,
Behavior and Conservation of an Alpine Ungulate. Island Press,
Washington.
Edited Books
Festa-Bianchet, M. and M. Apollonio. 2003. Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation. Island Press, Washington.
Apollonio, M., M. Festa-Bianchet and D. Mainardi. 2000. Vertebrate Mating Systems. World Scientific Press, Singapore.
Book chapters
Festa-Bianchet, M.
2018. Evolutionary impacts from harvesting. Elsevier Reference Module in
Life Sciences: Ecology and Evolution, Ed. By B. D. Roitberg.
In press
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2013. Why
evolutionary biology is important for conservation: towards
evolutionarily sustainable harvest management. P. 125-136 In:
Ignoring nature no more: the case for compassionate conservation. Ed.
By M. Bekoff. Chicago University Press.
Gaillard, J.-M., T. Coulson, M. Festa-Bianchet and N. Owen-Smith. 2009. Demographic processes: lessons from long-term individual-based studies. P. 98-116 In: Dynamics of large herbivore populations in changing environments: shifting paradigms. Ed. by N. Owen-Smith. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Festa-Bianchet, M., and R.
Lee. 2009. Guns, sheep and genes; when and why trophy hunting may be a
selective pressure. P. 94-107
In: Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science
and Practice. Ed by B. Dickson, J. Hutton and B. Adams.
Wiley-Blackwell, London.
Wilson, A.J. and M.
Festa-Bianchet. 2009. Maternal effects in wild ungulates. P. 83-103
In: Maternal Effects in Mammals. Ed. by D. Maestripieri and J.M.
Mateo. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Festa-Bianchet,
M. 2007. Ecology, evolution, economics and ungulate management. P.
183-202 In: Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management
Applications. Ed. By T. Fullbright and D. Hewitt. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2003.
Exploitative wildlife management as a selective pressure for the
life-history evolution of large mammals. P. 191-207 In: Animal Behavior
and Wildlife Conservation. Ed. By M. Festa-Bianchet and M.
Apollonio. Isdland Press, Washington.
Côté, S. D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2003. Mountain goat, Oreamos americanus. P. 1061-1075 In: Wild mammals of North America (2nd edition). GA Feldhamer and B. Thompson, eds. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2000. Bighorn sheep/Ovis canadensis. P. 348-350 in: The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Ed. by D.E. Wilson and S. Ruff. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and M. Apollonio. 1998. New prospectives on the social behaviour of wild cervids. Pp. 239-245 in: Recents developments in deer biology: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the Biology of Deer. Ed. by J. A. Milne. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
Papers by graduate students from research under my supervision and
with my financial support
Toni, P.
2017. Combat leads to intra-specific killing in eastern grey kangaroos.
Australian Mammalogy, in press.
Martin, J.G.A. and F. Pelletier.
2011. Measuring growth patterns in the field: effects of sampling regime
and methods on standardized estimates. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89:
529-537.
Bonenfant, C., F. Pelletier, M. Garel and P. Bergeron. 2009. Age-dependent horn growth and survival in wild sheep. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78: 161-171.
Rieucau, G. and J.G.A. Martin.
2008. Many eyes or many ewes: vigilance tactics in female bighorn sheep
Ovis canadensis vary according to reproductive status. Oikos, 117: 501-506
Bergeron, P. 2007. Parallel
lasers for remote measurements of morphological traits. Journal of
Wildlife Management, 71: 289-292.
Pelletier, F., Gendreau, Y. and Feder, C. 2006. Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) behavioral reactions to cougar (Puma concolor) attacks. Mammalia, 70: 160-162.
Pelletier, F. 2006. Effects of
tourist activities on ungulate behavior in a protected area. Journal of
Mountain Ecology, 8: 15-19.
Blanchard, P. 2005. On lactation and rumination in bighorn ewes. Journal of Zoology, 265: 107-112.
Pelletier, F. 2005. Foraging time of rutting bighorn rams varies with individual behavior, not mating tactic. Behavioral Ecology, 16: 280-285.
Bassano, B., A. von Hardenberg, F. Pelletier and G. Gobbi. 2003. A method to weigh free-ranging ungulates without handling. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 31: 1205-1209.
Ruckstuhl, K. E. and P. Neuhaus. 2001. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses. Biological Reviews, 77: 77-96.
Neuhaus, P. and N. Pelletier. 2001. Mortality in relation to season, age, sex, and reproduction in Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79: 465-470.
Côté, S. D. 2000. Dominance hierarchies in female mountain goats: stability, aggressiveness and determinants of rank. Behaviour 137: 1541-1566 .
Côté, S. D. 2000. Determining social rank in ungulates: a comparison of aggressive interactions recorded at a bait site and under natural conditions. Ethology 106: 945-955 .
Ruckstuhl, K. E. and P. Neuhaus. 2000. Causes of sexual segregation: a new approach. Behaviour, 137: 361-377.
Ruckstuhl, K. E. 1999. To synchronise or not to synchronise: a dilemma for young bighorn males? Behaviour, 136: 805-818.
Ruckstuhl, K. E. 1998. Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour, 56: 99-106.
Côté, S. D. and C. Beaudoin. 1997. Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) attacks and nanny-kid separation in mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Mammalia, 61: 614-617.
Côté, S. D., A. Peracino and G. Simard. 1997. Wolf (Canis lupus) predation and maternal defensive behavior in mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Canadian Field-Naturalist 111: 389-392.
Côté, S. D. 1996. Mountain goat responses to helicopter disturbance. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 681-685.
Non-refereed Publications
Lamb,
C., M. Festa-Bianchet and M.S. Boyce. 2018. Invest long term in Canada's
wilderness. Science 359: 1002.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2016. Managing bighorn sheep using data versus
opinions. Alberta
Outdoorsmen. April: 12-13.
Mills, J.A., C. Teplitsky, 17 others, M.
Festa-Bianchet and 41 others. 2016. Solutions for archiving data in
long-term studies: a reply to Whitlock et al. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, 31: 85-87.
Festa-Bianchet,
M.
2015. Actually, selective hunting does select.
Alberta Outdoorsmen.
Hedrik,
P.W., D.W. Coltman, M. Festa-Bianchet and F. Pelletier. 2014. Not
surprisingly, no inheritance of a trait results in no evolution.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111: E4810.
Unpublished supplement
See here
why bogus estimates of heritability cannot measure evolution
Zachos, F.E., T.H.
Clutton-Brock, M. Festa-Bianchet, S. Lovari, D.W. Macdonald, and G.
Schaller. 2013. Taxonomy: species splitting puts conservation at
risk. Nature 494: 35.
Festa-Bianchet, M.
2013. Human-induced reversal of fortunes for migratory
ungulates? Ecology, 94: 1243-1244
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2012. Rarity, willingness to pay and conservation. Animal Conservation, 15: 12-13.
Festa-Bianchet,
M. 2010. Status of the grizzly bear (Ursus
arctos) in Alberta: update 2010. Alberta Sustainable
Resource Development, Wildlife Status Report No. 37. Edmonton.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2009. The Walia ibex is a valuable and distinct
conservation unit. Animal Conservation, 12: 101-102.
Festa-Bianchet, M., D. Coltman, J. Hogg and J. Jorgenson. 2008.
Age-related horn growth, mating tactics and vulnerability to harvest: why
horn curl limits may select for small horns in bighorn sheep. Biennial
Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 15: 42-49.
Festa-Bianchet, M., J. Jorgenson, D.
Coltman and J. Hogg. 2008. Feared negative effects of publishing data: a
rejoinder to Heimer et al. Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep
and Goat Council, 15: 213-219.
Jacobson, A.R., M. Festa-Bianchet, A. Provenzale, A. von Hardenberg and
B. Bassano. 2006. Comment on Lima & Berryman (2006): the Alpine ibex
revisited. Climate Research 37: 137.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 2005. Caccia al trofeo e selezione innaturale.
Habitat, 147 : 7-11.
Côté, S.D. and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2004. Les stratégies de reproduction
chez les femelles de la chèvre de montagne (Oreamnos
americanus). Naturaliste Canadien, 129: 70-77.
Festa-Bianchet, M., P. Blanchard J.-M. Gaillard and M. Hewison. 2002. Tooth extraction is not an acceptable technique to age live ungulates. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30: 282-283.
Ruckstuhl, K.E., M. Festa-Bianchet and J. T. Jorgenson. 2001. Effects of prescribed grassland burns on forage availability, quality and bighorn sheep use. Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 12: 11-25.
Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Bianchet and N.G. Yoccoz. 2001. Not all sheep are equal. Science 292: 1499-1500.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1999. Predazione su ungulati di montagna in Canada. Habitat, 90: 9-15.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1998. Ricerche a lungo termine su ungulati di montagna. Habitat, 89: 8-18.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1996. A biologist's perspective on the legal implications of taxonomic problems. Pp. 461-469 in "L'être humain, l'animal et l'environnement: dimensions éthiques et juridiques". Ed. by T. Leroux and L. Létourneau. Éditions Themis, Montréal.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and J. T. Jorgenson. 1994. Effects of age of primiparity upon horn growth in bighorn ewes. Proceedings of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 9: 116-120.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1992. Use of age ratios to predict bighorn sheep population dynamics. Proceedings of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 8: 227-236.
Smith, K. G., M. A. Urquhart and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1992. Preliminary observations of timing and causes of mountain goat kid mortality in west central Alberta. Proceedings of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 8: 293-304
Jorgenson, J. T., J. Samson and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1991. Capturing and tagging free-ranging bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 27: 733-734.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1988. A pneumonia epizootic in bighorn sheep, with comments on preventive management. Proceedings of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 6: 66-76.
Festa-Bianchet, M. 1986. Bighorn ram survival and harvest in southwestern Alberta. Proceedings of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 5: 102-109.
Festa-Bianchet, M. and J. Samson. 1984. Lamb survival in relation to
maternal lungworm larval output in bighorn sheep. Proceedings of the
Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 4: 364-371.
Last update September 11
2020